Abstract - The aim of the study was designed to investigate the socio-economic status of buffalo farmers, productive and reproductive performance, management practices, and cost-benefit analysis of buffaloes conducted in five Upazilas under Bhola district. Data were collected through interview of randomly selected 90 members of 13 branches of Grameen Jano Unnayon Sangastha (GJUS) who were involved in buffalo farming. The investigation revealed that majority of the buffalo farmers were poor (46.47%) in compared to ultra-poor (8.46%) and non- poor (45.07%), majority of the farmers were below primary (44.43%), and up to primary (31.48%), most of the farmers were over 25 years old (72.27%), about 96.36% farmers were male. Every buffalo farmers had average 5.28 family members. The mortality of buffalo calves, buffaloes and the average mortality of buffalo was 19.08%, 11.75%, 14.62% respectively and the average number of remaining buffalo after death per family was 3.83. In case of buffalo productivity, the average number of buffalo reared per farmers was 3.57 ? 0.34, body weight (kg) of buffalo cows, bulls, calves 239.53 ? 13.20, 229.43 ? 10.11, 17.21 ? 0.84kg, respectively, average lactation period was 169.13 ? 4.49 days and milk production was 264.084 ? 6.34 kg. In this study we found average post-partum heat period 3.55 ? 0.3 days, dry period 5.50 ? 0.6 days, calving interval 22.26 ? 0.97 months, age of first heat 3.1 ? 0.25 years, age of first pregnancy 3.4 ? 0.26 years, numbers of service per conception 1.77 ? 0.26 times, duration between estrus and insemination 10.09 ? 0.70 hours and in-breeding percentage 77.28%, average buffalo production cost was tk. 162445.3 ? 6137.49, income tk. 233493.5 ? 8853.42 and net profit was tk. 71048.13 ? 11693.89. All (100%) of the farmers have no familiar with Grain feed, silage, UMS, fattening, AI technology and regular vaccination. All (100%) of the farmers practice natural insemination technique, where 63.1% farmers have their own bull for breeding. Only 58.57% farmer use de- worming irregularly and 42.43% farmers use de-worming once in a year. No farmer use record keeping system in the farm. 95.18% farmers used own capital and 4.82% receive credit for buffalo rearing. Interviewing person involved in buffalo production it is found that they mainly buy buffalo directly from the farmer. Consumer buy buffalo milk 56 taka per kg. Butcher, dairyman, and dealer (bepari) earned net BDT 21000.0, 37500.0 and 26333.0, respectively. There is a belief that buffalo meat is not good for health that the reason consumer refuse to take buffalo. There is no available market for buffalo meat. This study would help the policy makers to take necessary strategies to improve the socio-economic status of buffalo farmers in this region of Bangladesh.